Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease is a broad term for conditions that cause inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It progresses from gingivitis (inflamed gums) to periodontitis (bone and ligament damage). Periodontal disease is a common cause of tooth loss and can be prevented and managed with good oral hygiene and regular dental care.

Causes:

Plaque

A sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. If not removed through brushing and flossing, it can harden into tartar, irritating the gums and leading to infection.

Poor Oral Hygiene

Inadequate brushing and flossing allow plaque to accumulate, leading to inflammation and infection.

Other Factors:

Smoking, diabetes, and certain medications can also increase the risk of periodontal disease.

Symptoms:

• Gingivitis: Red, swollen, and bleeding gums, especially when brushing or flossing.
• Periodontitis: Receding gums, loose or separating teeth, persistent bad breath, pus between teeth and gums, changes in bite or jaw alignment, and a change in the fit of partial dentures.

Diagnosis:

• Dental Exam: A dentist will visually inspect the gums, use a probe to measure pocket depth (the space between the gum and tooth), and take X-rays to check for bone loss.
• Pocket Depth Measurement: Pockets deeper than 4 millimeters may indicate periodontitis.

Treatment:

• Good Oral Hygiene: Brushing twice daily, flossing daily, and using an antiseptic mouthwash can help manage mild cases of gingivitis and prevent further progression.
• Deep Cleaning (Root plane and scaling): Removes plaque and tartar from below the gumline.
• Dental Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to regenerate lost bone or tissue, or to remove infected tissue.
• Antibiotics: May be used to treat bacterial infections.

Prevention:

• Brush twice daily: Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste.
• Floss daily: Remove plaque and food debris between teeth.
• Use an antiseptic mouthwash: Can help reduce bacteria in the mouth.
• Regular dental check-ups: Allow for early detection and treatment of periodontal disease.
• Avoid smoking: Smoking weakens the gums and increases the risk of infection.
• Control diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes can increase the risk of periodontal disease.
• Make healthy dietary choices: Some foods and beverages can contribute to plaque buildup.